Journal of Indian Studies is an open access, peer-reviewed, and refereed journal published by the Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The journal is ranked in Y-category by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad and included in HJRS (https://hjrs.hec.gov.pk/index.php). All contents are freely available without charges to the user or his/her institution. The journal published under Creative Common License 4.0. The readers are allowed to search, read, download, copy, print, or link to the full texts of the articles published in Journal of Indian Studies (http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44 ) without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. Previous issues are also available in electronic form (http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/Online-Contents.html).
Indian Hybrid Warfare in the Post-Truth Era and its Impacts on Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
The maintenance of peaceful diplomatic relations with the outside world has become a potential challenge for government of Pakistan due to the rise of multiple advanced information communication channels worldwide. In other words, the arrival of the postinformation age in international relations has affected the conventional foreign policy mechanism of states, where Pakistan is not an exception. Under the intense South Asian regional security environment, the conventional mechanism of Pakistan's foreign policy has been undermined by the advancement of information communication technology and the rise of multiple non-traditional media channels around the world. The unstoppable forces of this digital revolution have changed the traditional patterns of New Delhi-Islamabad hostility. Under the shadows of hybrid warfare, the growing reliance of both nuclear rivals of South Asia on the advanced means of information communication technology has resulted in the transformation of India-Pakistan strategic competition in the new world of digital realities. In the hybrid domain of modern warfare, the challenges of the postinformation age have also hampered the role of Pakistan's diplomatic forces in the world. Beyond weakening the role of Pakistan's diplomatic community across the world, the existing framework of Islamabad’s mainstream foreign relations has started facing the challenges of Indian-supported worldwide disinformation campaigns. Therefore, the central theme of this paper seeks to maintain an analytical account of India-Pakistan hostility in the post-information age, in which the foreign policy of Pakistan has become a prime target of New Delhi's worldwide anti-Pakistan narratives. Furthermore, this paper is an academic endeavour to critically examine the inabilities of Pakistan's current foreign policy in addressing the Indian anti-Pakistani propaganda in the digital world.
Women’s rights in Afghanistan under Taliban Regime amid Indian influence: A Way Forward (2016 – 2022)
The study analyzes empirically how the Taliban's restrictions on women's rights are exacerbating the humanitarian calamity in Afghanistan caused by the abrupt cessation of most Western help following the Taliban takeover in August 2021. This research highlights the difficulties to Afghan women's rights under the Taliban and investigates the women's rights abuses in Afghanistan's ongoing situation, which has made women's lives difficult and intolerable. Further, the study also shows the women rights in Afghanistan under Indian influence. The social exclusion theory served as a conceptual framework for the study as well as an analytical tool for data analysis. This research is exploratory and qualitative in character. The report identifies a number of issues that undermine women's rights in Afghan society, including patriarchal society, religious practices inside the state, Sharia laws, socioeconomic inequality, and long-held traditional cultural ideas. This report also highlights the Taliban's approach to women and its consequences on women's lives.
Russian-Ukraine Conflict in the New Global Order and Its Impact on the Indo-Pak Region: A Critical Analysis
This research paper examines the on-going conflict between Ukraine and Russia in order to explore its influence on the global political chess board especially in the Indo-Pak region. The conflict began in 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea and fortified separatist movements in Eastern and Southern Ukraine. It explores the historical context of the conflict including the shared history of Ukraine and Russia and probes the gradual evolution of the tensions between the two states into recent political quagmire. This qualitative research investigates into the geopolitical consequences of the current conflict on the regional security milieu and evaluates the relationship between Russia and the West as well. The conflict escalated in 2022 when President Putin ordered a large-scale invasion in Ukraine ensuing significant loss of lives and millions of Ukrainians fled the country to take refuge. Furthermore, multifaceted reactions of countries in the global South to the war and the potential implications of their actions have also been examined in this research. The US security cooperation with Ukraine, economic sanctions on Russia and the geopolitical consequences of the conflict in Ukraine on the regional power structure are important attributes to study the changing global power dynamics. The war has affected the political and economic facets of the Indo-Pak region as well. The fuel prices escalated and the food products‟ trade affected a lot in the region. The conclusion highlights the urgent need for a peaceful resolution through negotiations and expresses a dire need for the development of new global security architecture.
The Concept of Nationality in U.S, U.K, China, India, Pakistan and Legal Framework in India
Nationality is the characteristic origination from membership of some nation or state. The decision of the grant of nationality is a matter for each stated municipal law and is not governed by international law. This research study targets contemporary jurisprudence at international law regarding nationality. The research examines the causes of statelessness, the impacts and consequences that arise in a stateless society. It provides the analysis of the concept of acquisition and loss of nationality in different states. It further discusses the right and duties of state individual and modern nomad and refugee. It also focuses on the comparative study of citizenship and dual citizenship with different country. Besides, this research also finds out the solution for the aliens, deportees and unconnected people under the umbrella of internationallaw.
Exploring the Cultural Significance of Indian Street Food in Comparison with South Asian Megacities: A Comparative Analysis
This research paper is unique in nature as it focusses on such a domain that is oftenoverlooked and that is the culture of street food in South Asian megacities specially with the comparison of the India’s one of the largest cities i.e. Mumbai. This paper investigates the economic and socio-cultural impact of the street food. Comparative analysis is used for the purpose of this study encircling the urban hubs of Dhaka, Mumbai and Lahore. This paper unveils the complex array of culinary customs, unique array of flavors and the street food vendors influence on the local identity. This research paper contributes to a deep understanding of the active interactions among culture, food and urban existence in the whole region by digging into a facet of South Asian societies that is less explored and with a specific focus on the India as it is one the world’s biggest economies and tourists place that is famous for its culinary traditions.
Changing Patterns of Security of India and Pakistan in the Age of Nation Branding: Role of Image and identity of State
India-Pakistan traditional animosity has been characterized by the nuclear deterrence and missile race in South Asian region. However, contemporary changes like enhanced global outreach of India, increasing role of Indian diaspora and its expanding public diplomacy has altered the extent of challenges for Pakistan. Pakistan, since 1998 has largely relied on its nuclear parity with India rather than depending on conventional weapon capabilities. The paradigm shifts in India‟s foreign policy strategy by focusing more on its soft power outdated the security rational of Pakistan as it substantially lacks the respective means to develop counter response. The contemporary Indian approach against Pakistan is comprised of manipulation of information while using „sharp power „strategy. India‟s global outreach through its nation branding has transformed the nature of India-Pakistan rivalry into a war of narratives where Pakistan appears significantly weak due to its obsolete security sensitivities. The state elite and strategists in Pakistan primarily overlook the need to craft the positive image of state through strategic self-presentation and exclusively focus on deterring India through nuclear parity. This study aims to analyze the India-Pakistan rivalry in the context of nation branding through image and identity of India as a new security parameter for Pakistan. This research is primarily qualitative and has incorporated explanatory approach to address these questions. The underlying study suggests that contemporary Indian strategists do not seem to encourage the possibility of full-scale war, neither with China nor Pakistan. Consequently, new realm of security competition between India and Pakistan lies in war of narratives where Pakistan can also employ sharp power tactics by highlighting duplicity of Indian policy as well as marketing of Pakistan‟s indulgent side of state and society.
Basic Exchange Cooperation Agreement between India and the US 2020: Security Implications for Pakistan
The Basic Exchange Cooperation agreement of India and US develops so many strategic imbalances that might put the region in arms competition and alliances between the two great powers i.e., United States and China might dwindle further. For to its own national interest Washington has used Pakistan since the Cold War, (now the tide has turned towards India). This agreement will make India to develop highly advanced defense equipment’s for its military modernization, which will lead to the creation of security dilemma between Pakistan and India. The study is based on the theory of ‘structural realism’ which is composed upon two features: offensive and defensive realism. India will play a defensive role against China because US see India as a masterly balancer of China, and on the other hand Offensive against Pakistan. Through this agreement Pakistan will look to change their foreign policy agenda from western towards Eastern and will fill the gap to make a change in structure and join the block of regional countries for example Russia, China and Iran. This study will focus on the Indo-US strategic partnership with regard to its implications for Pakistan
Integrated Deterrence and Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean Region
Asia-Pacific has been christened as a decider launch-pad for the global power transition in the 21st century where the US is confronting the rise of China. Integrated deterrence approach is adopted by the US in its National Defence strategy to counter the growing influence of China. To curtail China, in Indian Ocean the US is involved in different strategic engagements such as QUAD, AUKUS, I2U2, and other strategic alliances with India. The research is analyzed through the lens of Security Dilemma by John Herz that how the rise of China is instilling security dilemma in the US as threat to status quo. Consequently, to maintain international order the US has directed its focus to overwhelm China and the power struggle has shifted to Indian Ocean. This paper tries to scrutinize how the integrated deterrence approach in Indian Ocean is making it highly militarized and nuclearized water body around the globe.
Indian Growing Reliance on the Military Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology and its Impacts on South Asian Regional Security
The advancement of information communication technology and its increasing global appreciation has pushed the whole international system towards a world of digital realities where the prevalence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an undeniable reality and an irrefutable truth. This study seeks to explore the increasing dependency of modern defense systems of the states on AI technology because the mainstream defense planners of different states have started upgrading their conventional weapon systems with the help of AI technology. In the debate on the growing reliance of conventional arms forces of the states on the advanced means of warfare, the South Asian security environment cannot be overlooked. While studying the impacts of AI technology on South Asian regional politics, this study endeavored to describe the Indian quest for empowering its conventional warfighting capabilities with the support of AI specific modern weapon systems which leave worse impacts on Pakistan’s strategic calculations. This study provides a glimpse of the deteriorating regional security environment of South Asia under the shadows of modern warfare technologies. It is an analytical study which tried to measure the increasing insecurities of India against China, and its direct impacts on Pakistan’s regional standing. The theoretical description of the main argument has been obtained from the theory of neorealism which appropriately explains the ongoing strategic competition between Beijing and New Delhi, and its unavoidable impacts on Pakistan’s security. In the end, the findings of this study attempted to forecast an intense future of South Asian regional politics in which the AI-specific arms race will alter the ongoing strategic features of India-Pakistan strategic competition.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Politics: Challenges Faced by Indian Muslims and Christians
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is a prominent political party in India that espouses Hindu nationalist ideology. The party was founded on April 6, 1980, and has emerged as one of the major political forces in India. The BJP has attained power in national politics multiple times, with its most significant victory occurring in the 2014 General Elections, where it autonomously secured a resounding majority. The BJP actively pursues an agenda that is in line with its core principles of Hindutva, emphasizing the cultural and political superiority of Hinduism. During the tenure of the BJP, the party has implemented various laws and policies that have benefited the Hindu communities. However, these same laws and policies have brought some challenges for the religious minority communities, particularly Indian Muslims and Christians, who constitute a significant portion of the Indian population. This research paper delves into the current challenges faced by Indian Muslims and Christians under the leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India. It examines the specific issues encountered by these religious minority communities and provides some recommendations to address these challenges.
An Appraisal of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy towards USA in the Government of Asif Ali Zardari (2008-2013)
This research article pertains to the foreign policy of Pakistan with an in depth profound appraisal in relationship with United States of America in the tenure of ex-President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari (2008-2013). This research article concerns on Pak-US relationship and to concentrates on political, military, socio-economic, as a frontline ally and precisely argue on Pakistan‟s foreign policy between both countries. This study also emphasizes on the convergent and divergent factors, critical analysis, durability of relationship, up and downs, effectiveness of internal and external influences on their relationship within the proposed era of Zardari govt. The numerous interrelated factors, which affects the foreign policy of Pakistan towards USA. This research found the security dilemmas focusing on the threat perceptions, elements and the aspects, which connect and disconnect the relations of both countries. By the birth of Pakistan, she is facing various native obstacles as to counter the traditional rivalry of India for balancing in economic, military, nuclear and strategic capabilities in this region. Pakistan expects to be a close and reliable ally of USA to support Pakistan in the time of dire need but despite of all sacrifices, USA deceived Pakistan in many times as to suspend and cut down the economic and military aid in many times. There is utmost need for Pakistan to render her foreign policy towards USA and to protect her national interests from all seen and unseen rivalries. In the tenure of Zardari, Pakistan‟s foreign policy was very weak and unclear.
Role of Pakistan against War on Terrorism and its Consequences
Pakistan has played a significant role in the War on Terror since its inception in 2001. The country became a critical partner of the United States in the fight against terrorism, and its support was crucial in the defeat of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. However, Pakistan's role has also been criticized, with allegations that it has harbored and supported terrorist groups in its territory. The consequences of Pakistan's involvement in the War on Terror have been complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, the country has suffered significant economic losses, as well as human losses, with thousands of civilians and security personnel killed in terrorist attacks. On the other hand, Pakistan has received substantial financial and military assistance from the United States and other Western countries, which has helped bolster its economy and strengthen its military capabilities. One of the most significant consequences of Pakistan's role in the War on Terror has been the rise of militant extremism within the country. The country's involvement in the conflict has fueled antiAmerican sentiment and contributed to a growing radicalization of society. The Taliban and other extremist groups have also gained strength in Pakistan, using the country as a base to launch attacks against both Pakistani and foreign targets. Going forward, it is essential that Pakistan works to address the root causes of terrorism and extremism within its borders, while also continuing to play a positive role in the global fight against terrorism.
Law and Policy on the Acreditation and Imposition of Foreign Verdicts in South Asia and the Way Forward
This paper reflects a comprehensive analysis of laws and policy on the realization and implementation of overseas Courts verdicts relevant to business and other disputes of civil nature in South Asia. It elucidates the principles which are shared in laws and policy of the South Asian legal system. Therefore, this research explores that the laws which are canvassed here share many principles inter-alia doctrines of reciprocity and comity of nations. It has been observed that there exist common defenses in the laws of South Asian states regarding the implementation of overseas Courts decisions. However, there is a practical need for harmonization of existing laws and policy for the purpose of economic integration in the South Asian region. The Harmonization is possible among South Asian states for economic growth and development of the region. In this contextual perspective, there is a dire need to build a consensus and political will among the policy makers to harmonize the laws and policy for the purpose of enhancing the commercial activities to achieve economic growth in the region.
Understanding the Fallouts of Indian Naval Strategic Vision on Indian Ocean Region
This article explores the fallouts of India's naval strategic vision in the IOR, examining the various factors that have contributed to its failures. This study also tries to highlight the contradictions between the strategic vision and actions of Indian Navy in Indian Ocean Region. The issues regarding the incapability of Indian Navy to be a blue water Navy and its strategic and logistical failures are pointed out. The theoretical framework revolves around the conceptualization of the Sea Power Theory of Alfred Mahan. To find out the answers of research questions related to fallouts and contradictions of Indian Strategic vision, three qualitative approaches such as descriptive, exploratory and historical are being used during the study. This study is primarily qualitative in nature within post positivist paradigm. Data analysis is being done through Qualitative Content Analysis with more focus on its subtype of directed manifest analysis. This study concludes that the repercussions of Fallouts of Indian Naval strategic vision are many as they are a threat to regional peace and security.
The Charter of Democracy (2006) and the Way Forward
The authoritarian regime of General Pervez Musharraf deteriorated the democratic system in Pakistan. The Pakistan‟s return to the democracy, its transition and consolidation are significant aspect of the country‟s politics in the post Musharraf era. This research work deals with an unusual political development which may be termed as politics of reconciliation. The era 2006-18 was unique features in the political history of Pakistan because it brought closer the leadership of Pakistan People‟s Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N) for the restoration, protection and continuation of democratic process in Pakistan. The central focus of the research work offers an overview the Charter of Democracy (CoD) 2006 and politics of reconciliation between the PPP and PML-N in Pakistan. It also analyses the prospects of constitutional reforms, political performance of two democratic regimes and stability for perusing democratic goals under CoD (2006).
Disinformation and Propaganda Tactics: Impacts of Indian Information Warfare on Pakistan
The study seeks to comprehend the information warfare revolution that has occurred in the twenty-first century. Pakistan is also severely hit by Indian disinformation and propaganda warfare. It is a descriptive and qualitative investigation of historical as well as advanced information warfare to understand information warfare that includes subcategories of propaganda and disinformation. To broaden the understanding of Indian tactics and means used against Pakistan‟s image, portray it as a chaotic, in-humanitarian, and undemocratic regime. The primary focus of the study is on the Indian propaganda warfare campaign against Pakistan's military personnel, politicians, an internally fragmented society, and intelligence services. This study was conducted with the help of the theoretical lens of neoclassical realism and the theory of political propaganda to understand the Indian-led narrative buildup against Pakistan and the worsening domestic conditions. This study critically aims to explore Indian information warfare and its impact on Pakistan‟s internal stability and international image. The findings are based on highlighting campaigns and narratives from various news websites (including ANI, Indian news channels, and Twitter trends), as well as EU Disinfo lab publications that promote Indian propaganda. In addition to domestic issues that contribute to social fragmentation, manipulating citizens and misusing technology provide propagandists with an advantage in carrying out nefarious activities. Moreover, it aims to chalk out recommendations for countermeasures.
Defining Terrorism: Why Does The UN Fail?
The transnational character of terrorism coupled with its international fallout, compelled the United Nations to take on the issue in the last quarter of the 20th century. However, even after fifty years of engagement with the issue, the UN has failed to produce anything substantive or conclusive about terrorism. There is neither an agreed definition nor even a broad consensus over the meaning of terrorism. Numerous deliberations and subsequent resolutions on terrorism at the UN have proven to be largely bootless and ineffectual. This repeated failure raises the obvious question; why does the UN fail? What is it about terrorism that prevents the UN member states from agreeing on its definition? It is precisely these questions that this article seeks to investigate. It identifies five standout factors that help put UN failure in perspective.
Hindutva Under Modi’s Regime: Consequences for Regional and International Security
In the wake of independence, Indian founding fathers realized that in a country highly divided into communal differences based on caste, creed, religion, ethnicity, and regionalism of conflicting nature, only secularism could work as a great cementing force for the diverse communities of India. That dream appeared short-lived and space for secular ideology faded away creating a vacuum and providing Hindutva with an opportunity for its growth by filling the vacuum in the Society. Over time, it has appeared as a dominant social movement than ever before and has, ultimately attained political dominance as a unique wave in the electoral success of a political party of Hindu nationalists, the BJP, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. As the domestic policies and strategic decisions under the Modi regime have been mostly influenced by the Hindu extremist ideology of RSS, the BJP government has made this narrative a social reality with its overarching implications on India‟s political landscape and its subsequent reflection on regional and international peace as well. Besides, an exclusive and non-accommodative strategy of Modi-led BJP in the guise of Hindu majoritarian norms has currently led India‟s transition into a destabilized parochial polity with regional consequences. The article attempts to search out historical evolution of Hindutva ideology, its features and dominance in the period of the BJP government from 2014 onwards. It also highlights the emerging nature of society in India as well as the threat to environment of the region.
Globalisation in Contemporary Era: Addressing the Key Questions
Globalisation is dominating the world politics after it has been seen taking over nationalism, being practised by the modern nation states. It has made a negative impact on the nationhood and the spirit of nationalism which has been the hallmark of motivation for any state has gone down. Yet, it is the most inevitable process of current political shift that undoubtedly take out the existing state system from traditional to a modern globalised mode. Now, while establishing their politico-economic and social relations states must take into account the international political actors. In this way the principal of their sovereignty and nationalism is faced with many challenges. In order to meet up them the modern states, especially the third world countries, need to take several measures. Therefore, being an interesting concept this paper discovers very valuable propositions of globalisation. Furthermore, the paper not only focuses on the theoretical aspects of the term but also analyse the challenges faced by globalization in contemporary world politics and addresses its key questions.
Rise of Islamic State in Af-Pak Region: Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Policy
Pakistan became a terrorist attraction because of better hiding place as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were governed under Frontier Crimes Regulations , Baluchistan and Karachi remained in chaos .After the war against terrorism Taliban and AlQaeda‟s infrastructure was destroyed but that vacuum was quickly filled by the Islamic State (Daesh).The Islamic State emerged as more deadly terrorist network with a unconventional approach to recruit ,plot and attack , other splinter groups in Pakistan bandwagoned with the Islamic State. This paper analyses the emergence of Islamic state in Pakistan and its nexus with Al-Qaeda as a struggle to establish Islamic State of Khorasan in the Afg-Pak region. The paper also highlights financial resources of terrorist groups and poorly managed madrassa reforms under the „National Action Plan‟. It also recommends that relying solely on kinetic means may not yield desired results in counterterrorism but softer approach of deradicalization and countering violent extremism is equally effective. This paper focusses on pre-Taliban‟s Afghanistan.
Women in Armed Conflict: Adverse Effects on Women’s Health in areas adjacent to Line of Control (LOC) in the State of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K)
The State of Jammu & Kashmir has almost 75 years long history of conflict between Pakistan and India, where women and children are mostly the victims of warfare. The present study investigated the prevalence of psychological distress, physical health including stillbirth and lack of access to medical services among women who experienced still birth in areas adjacent to combat zones of Line of Control (LOC) in the State of Azad Jammu &Kashmir. This study was conducted by using a cross-sectional survey method with 250 women interviewed. The results show that 25% of stillbirth occurred to women due to psychological distress and physical health related issues; however, 22.4% of stillbirths occurred owing to a lack of access to adequate medical services during pregnancy. Significant association was observed among the higher risk of psychological or mental distress due to cross-fire, unavailability of medical services, poor socio-economic status, social factors and still birth. Overall, more than half of the stillbirths experienced by women loving close to combat zones of LOC were due to psychological or mental factors (hypertension, anxiety, depression, stress, anemia), physical factors (injuries, disabilities, poor physical fitness), lack of access to health care facilities and poor socio-economic status of women. It is recommended that appropriate development of essential obstetric care in rural combat zones of LOC can reduce the magnitude of stillbirth and improve women physical and mental health
Chahbahar Port: The Divergence of Interests Analysis
South Asia's infrastructure development is driven by competition for regional domination and fears of strategic encirclement. India has aspired to project its maritime power all over the Indian Ocean since the beginning of the century. The "net security provider" concept may be most appropriate in South Asia and its littorals, but West Asia will test India's conciliatory and maritime capabilities in the years ahead. Iran's desire to reclaim its former prominence in regional and international politics underpins its Asia policy of seeking new markets and foreign investment for its energy sector. Iran has historically been pragmatic with India. This paper analyses India and Iran's policies in the context of Chahbahar port. Regarding the Chahabahar port, Iran and India have conflicting interests. Iran is not interested in giving up its balanced foreign policy by selecting either side, despite India's desire to utilise the port as a check on the CPEC.
The Strands of Religious Populism and Otherization of Muslims in India
India; a constitutionally declared secular state and home to almost 200 million Muslims (third largest Muslim population in world and largest Muslim population as a minority group) is merely becoming a Hindu state. The Hindutva inspired state-centric discourses of national identity are perceptibly reflecting the process of othering of Indian citizens on the bases of their religious beliefs. The „othering‟ of Muslims is largely politically and culturally constructed by exclusivist imagination of a „Hindu Rashtra‟(State) while gradually paving grounds for denial of equal rights to all Indian citizens. Since Bharatiya Janata Party‟s (BJP) rise to power and its persistent political appeal to masses through religious populism, the otherization of Muslims is reinforced by anti-Muslim narrative. This led to many among the Indian society to view Indian Muslims with distrust. This research identifies that in the backdrop of existing Islamophobic discourses in Indian society, the emergent religious populism of right-wing politics as an electoral force is vigorously creating the classes of citizens primarily identified by religion. In Indian society, certain groups are already marginalized due to differentiation of caste and socio-economic inequalities which makes their power claims irrelevant to public policy. Now Muslims; a significant minority of Indian state are suffering due to deliberate policies of ruling elite to construct a worldview of observing them as „evil‟ others. This has gradually transformed not only the plural nature of India society but has also made Indian state; a party to conflict and largely reshaping the idea of nationhood on the bases of religious othering. This is an apparent key threat to Indian secularism, the democratic credentials of State and its diverse society which can be disadvantaged to the Indian political and constitutional paradigm of holding together.
Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) and Minorities in India: It’s Impacts on Secular Status of India
This research is conducted on Bhartiya Janata Party‘s policies and its impacts on secular status of India which is mentioned in the constitution of India. BJP‘s tendency is observed that they support the Hindutva ideology which is about to damage the status of secular India. Minority rights seen to be neglected from last decade. This research comprises on the facts that international media is also observing that the image of secular India is going to be defamed. It is easily observed that from last decade, BJP is governing in overall India and this status is going to be changed due to the BJP tendencies. This research is completed with the help of analytical approach, and it is concluded that the status of secular India would be damaged because of partial policies of BJP towards minorities.
Indian Hybrid War against Pakistan: A Strategic Theory Perspective
Hybrid warfare proposes the idea of integration of various domains of warfare to create uniqueness in the domain of warfare strategies. Developments in the technological spheres have given rise to hybrid models in contemporary world. With the evolving mechanism and particular developments, international security has also experienced the hybrid model of warfare. The integrated model of hybrid warfare came to the twenty first century‟s world, which has also inspired the fanatic regime of India to impose it on Pakistan. Hybrid warfare has been waged against Pakistan to balkanize it into various segments by exploiting its vulnerabilities. This study tries to find the answer of how India is using hybrid warfare against Pakistan and what kinds of policy options are available to Pakistan to deal with this? The study is being conducted under the lens of strategic theory. To find the answer of the research question, qualitative research methodology with more focus on its documentary analysis has been employed. The study concludes that India is using conventional and un-conventional means to destabilize Pakistan and trying to undermine the growing importance of Pakistan in the regional dynamics. Pakistan needs to understand security challenges being posed by Indian Hybrid Warfare.
Women’s Role in Securing Sustainable Development and Peace – South Asia
This study intends to document the role and status of women in South Asian peace building initiatives by identifying them as key “peace builders” in various contexts. The central argument is that sustainable development and peace initiatives cannot be sustained without women‟s equal participation. Economies are less prosperous, peace solutions are more fragile, and peacekeeping missions are less credible without including women. The paper aims to support and define female roles and positions in peace building efforts by recognizing female „peace builders‟ in different realms of our society. By adopting an inside-out approach, the study looks at how we can re-harness the links already established between the South Asia region, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan, whilst focusing on more indigenous solutions and commonalities to address the existing grievances and work towards a sense of more sustainable peace. In doing so, discussion and deliberation on why and how women-led regional networks in soft areas of mutual collaboration are lacking is a central question. And how women are potential can be proactively employed for long-lasting regional peace. To understand Women‟s position in peace and stability, the paper proposes an analysis of cross-cutting fields and areas where women can define their roles as peace builders and exercise their decision-making power. By referring to the principles of UNSCR 1325 for guidance, this article aims to tease apart how these groups differ in their needs, priorities, and capacity to advocate nonviolence and peace building (United States Institute of Peace, 2015).
Emerging India-Saudi Arabia Relations and Implications for Pakistan
The growing conflict between India and Pakistan, the growth of amiable ties between Saudi Arabia and India has a significant impact at the relationship of these three nations with each other. Through data and textual analysis, the research paper analyzed different patterns of relations between the respective nations and how Pakistan is impacted by Indo-Saudi relations as well as its relation with India to impact Saudi Arabia. Moreover, this paper also critically examines how the Indian inroads to the Middle East especially in Saudi Arabia is reshaping the economic, geopolitical and regional interests. It has been analyzed that the Pakistan and Saudi Arabia‟s bilateral relations were severed when back in 2015 Pakistan officially announced that the country will stay neutral, and its troops will not be part of any military conflict. However, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia asked Pakistan to send their troops to Syria to support the Saudi Arabia‟s backed freedom group. The geopolitical experts believe that this was he time when Pakistan lost its only leverage it had over Saudi Arabia. However, at last this paper concludes that Pakistan need to take concrete steps to counter the Indian policy towards Middle East and constructive measure needed to be taken straight away to mend its relations with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Confidence Building Measures between Pakistan and India: The Way Forward
The study has made an attempt to explore the areas on which Pakistan and India have initiated Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) to assure regional stability, peace and strategic balance in contemporary scenario. This research study deliberates upon the pitfalls and shortcomings in implementation and continuation of CBMs between the two rivals. Across the globe, South Asia is defined by the state of animosity between Pakistan and India. Despite several efforts throughout the history, the both states are entangled in prisoners‟ dilemma. As the result they have missed several ripped moments for the peaceful conflict resolution to ensure sustainable peace. After the recent incidents of Pulwama and revocation of Article 370 and 35-A from Indian constitution, both states are focusing on hostile posturing vis-à-vis each other. It is pertinent to understand that all peace efforts failed in the region but every effort to derail peace is always successful. It appears as if domestic politics of India revolves around war jingoism, hostility, hatred and religious fascist nationalism. That is why; it has shown reluctance towards the sincere observation CBMs so far.
Teaching Political Science in Pakistan: Effective Tutorial Strategies
In nearly all universities of Pakistan, public universities in particular, the teachercentric approach is typically the norm. This longstanding practice is largely incompatible with the recent intellectual paradigm shifts and academic demands of the modern world. With the advent of the post-modern movement at the turn of the 20th century, questions were raised about the rigidity of the preceding movements and the learning methods they endorsed. Turning the conventional wisdom on its head and backing relativity and subjectivity, post-modernism was fiercely critical of the rigid teacher-centered learning approach in particular. Instead, it fervently made a case for student-centered mode of learning. While the approach has proven to be extremely popular and is increasingly becoming the dominant mode of learning throughout the developed world, it is yet to be implemented in developing and underdeveloped countries like Pakistan that still largely adhere to the teachercentered mode of learning. This article proposes a model for running studentcentered tutorials that will be instructive for any prospective future transition to student-centered mode of learning in Pakistan. Additionally, tutors and instructors in the discipline of political science and IR in particular will hopefully find the model useful and thought provoking.
Foreign and Defence Policy of Pakistan towards India (2018-2021)
This research is to find out Pakistan’s foreign and defence policy towards India under Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf government (2018-2021). It accesses factors and actors as well as security concerns, role of regional and extra regional powers in shaping Pakistan’s foreign and defence policy towards India under PTI government. It also accesses available options PTI government had through which conflicts with India could resolve. With the change in government there is a shift in Pakistan’s foreign and defence policy towards India under PTI government. PTI 2018 manifesto stated that for lasting peace, conflict resolution and security route to cooperation is most viable between Pakistan and India. This research will help to find out PTI government foreign and defence policy shift towards India. Research is based on qualitative methods. Data is collected from both secondary and primary sources which includes semi structure interviews. This research finds out that Pakistan had open door policy towards India under PTI government and both military and civilian governments shaped Pakistan’ foreign and defence policy. The research also found that BJP government non flexible attitude and its unilateral action in Kashmir on August 5,2019 and India’s hybrid warfare against Pakistan are security concerns and major factor. The result also shows that US and China have some influence in shaping Pakistan’s foreign and defence policy towards India under PTI government.